The Middle Ages And Its Impact On Western Europe - 1380 Words

The Middle Ages have been notoriously described as the Dark Ages, where war was unceasing, disease ravaged populations, societal structures collapsed, and growth seemed nowhere to be found. However, this bleak outlook has discounted many of the advancements of this time period, which laid very important foundations to modern education and reason. The Middle Ages was a time of growth for society where universities were born, agricultural and population boomed, and foundations of reason and religion coexisted. On the whole, the population of Western Europe grew quite a lot during the middle ages. Agriculture advancements sparked a population growth recovery from the fall of the Roman Empire and spurred growth of trade and travel. One of the most notorious events of the Middle Ages was the Black Plague of fourteenth century and its devastation of the European population. However, the growth of the entirety of the Middle Ages cannot be defined by that one event. By the time the Black Plague hit, a new medieval agriculture technique had already taken root and affected Western Europe. In the beginning of the Middle Ages, farmers were still using the agriculture techniques of the Romans, leaving â€Å"one-half fallow, or uncultivated, for a year, and planted their crops in the other half† (Kinder et al, 292-293). Leaving half of lands uncultivated, food supply was severely restricted. Simple new division of lands into three parts, specifically in Northern Europe, allowed for farmersShow MoreRelatedCcot Europe 600-1750 Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesContinuity Change Over Time (CCOT) Essay Europe 600-1750 Taylor Question: analyze the social and economic continuities and changes that occurred in Europe between 600 and 1750. During the time period between 600 and 1750, economic and social continuities and changes impacted Western Europe immensely. One particular economic alteration was the decline of feudal manoralism, prevalent in the early medieval era, as a result of the restoration of commerce following the Crusades. AnotherRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of Feudalism Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagesthe three branches of government (1). In the Middle Ages most governments changed and rarely stayed the same for really long periods of time. Many things would happen in each country that would change the type of government that each one had. Especially, during the Middle Ages in Europe, things were changing quickly (Nelson 1). Feudalism was potentially becoming a rapid growing economic and social part of the European lifestyle in the Middle Ages. Feudalism was a word created in the 16th centuryRead MoreI INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The impact of the dark ages had a1000 Words   |  4 PagesI INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The impact of the dark ages had a presumed profound negative impact on Western Europe. The primary cause for this was that the taxation system had fallen apart. It was a time when the emergence of new civilizations lead to conflict. â€Å"Invasions† of entire peoples and military expeditions were the largest contributors of these conflicts. Since there were no taxes it left no one to Read MoreIntroduction. Islam And Medieval Christianity Have Had1229 Words   |  5 Pagesand impact billions of people. Some individuals in both religions view each other as infidels and the only recourse is to remove them from the society at large. The warring nature of these two Abrahamic religions allowed for them to develop in differing ways in Western and Eastern Europe. The growth of Islamic during the 600s to the 1500s made changes to Christianity by making the Pope a powerful political ruler as well as a spiritual ruler, forced a change in the social structure of Western EuropeRead MoreRenaissance : A New Way Of Gathering Ideas1169 Words   |  5 Pagesbasically a rebuilding phase after a long period of cultural degeneration and stagnation. People had lost their faith in church and were more focused on each other. In the15 centaury many great things were happening throughout England and other part of Europe. It was beginning of an era where people discovered new ways of learning and thinking by looking back at the ancient Greek and Rome for their inspiration. It was the era of artists, scientist, philosopher, and painter. The Renaissance also perceivedRead MoreCCOT And CC Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesand contrast life in foraging societies with life in agricultural societies after the Agricultural Revolution Identify two key changes in early African history that resulted in a new period in the history of the region The Middle East Analyze the political changes in the Middle East from the Agricultural Revolution to 600 c.e. Compare and contrast the basic features of TWO of the following religious systems prior to 600 c.e. Polytheism Judaism Christianity Asia Compare the origins and tenetsRead MoreMiddle Ages as the Age of Faith Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesMiddle Ages as the Age of Faith The Middle Ages is often referred to as the Age of Faith and it is correct to do so, as during this period religion dominated all aspects of life from architecture, literature, art and music. The dominant religion during this period was Christianity. The middle ages saw the emergence #8230; of Christian literary forms#8230; a popular religious culture centred around processions, icons, and relics (George Holmes 42). The crusades were wars fought in theRead MoreThe Ottoman Empire Of Islam1350 Words   |  6 Pagesadministration over a large portion of the Middle East. In 1453 the armed force of Mehmed II, The Conqueror, conveyed their massive siege cannons to the entryway of Constantinople and raged the Christian capital. Subsequent to catching Constantinople in 1453 the Ottomans had built up a genuine domain, contemporary with the Habsburg. The Ottoman was the remainder of the grand extensive empire of Islam, overlying the Abbasid and Seljuk, with some Mongol impact through the Ilkhanids of Persia. The FallRead MoreIslams Influences on the Modern World1422 Words   |  6 Pagesand overlapping. The impact of one culture on another can be seen clearly in contemporary Europe, which lays adjacent to Asia. Over time, European culture has evolved and assimilated with the incorporation of surrounding influences. Western civilisation has taken inspiration in the innovations and discoveries of great eastern empires such as the Greek, Roman and Byzantine. Arguably one of the most influential and historically significant empires to the development of Europe is the Islamic. IslamRead MoreThe Middle Ages1747 Words   |  7 PagesLuiz Gustavo Machado Mrs. Phillips British Literature 6 January 2016 The English Middle Ages The middle ages (1066-1485) is known as the Dark ages for representing cultural and economic deterioration following the decline of the exuberant Roman Empire. However, a variety of important events that took place in that period, mainly in England, helped shape society as we know it today. Feudalism was created in the middle ages with the king at the top of military, political, and economic hierarchy, nobles

Walmarts Marketing Strategy in China - 1002 Words

WAL-MART STORES WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS | Marketing Write-Ups Group 4-No.1 | | WAL-MART STORES WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS Past success will be the future failure. - Ali Farhoomand, Director, Asia Case Research Centre It seems ironical the president of Wal-Mart China, CassianChueng resigned just at the beginning when China’s government fully opened its retail market to foreign retailers in 2005; which was considered to be a declaration of failure to fulfill the retail giant’s expectation in China of Chueng. After one decade of operation in China, Wal-Mart has provided continuous negative returns to the headquarter in the US and was ranked only 20 in the top 25 chain stores in China at the end of 2004 according to†¦show more content†¦One of the key mistakes Wal-Mart made is that they take the consumers in China as in the States. Just to the contrary of the Wal-Mart’s fantasy—not every Chinese washes his or her hair every day. Taking the government into serious consideration It is both the invisible and visible hands are controlling the society of China. The invisible is market itself while the visible being the government. The local protectionism is quite fierce fueled by the GDP competition among provinces and cities, which shall greatly influence Wal-Mart centralized control style. And while the central government may open to foreign retailers to enter into China freely, the local government may provide numerous counter-policies to make it impossible for foreign companies to survive. One country, several markets It must sound peculiar although China has a history of over 5000 years, yet people under the same nationality may not share the same culture as a whole. Trying to stereotype Chinese in a single version is surely biased. And one of the hardest points to understand is the market changes dramatically even the persons involved may not understand themselves. There is a city called Erdos in Inner Mongolia once a small and poor city one decade ago now becomes one of the richest in the country with a nickname of Little Hong Kong. The vast distribution of land, people, and the gap between different social income classes, there are several markets deserve tailored strategies to tackShow MoreRelatedWalmarts Marketing Strategy in China1010 Words   |  5 PagesCHARACTERISTICS | Marketing Write-Ups Group 4-No.1 | | WAL-MART STORES WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS Past success will be the future failure. - Ali Farhoomand, Director, Asia Case Research Centre It seems ironical the president of Wal-Mart China, CassianChueng resigned just at the beginning when China’s government fully opened its retail market to foreign retailers in 2005; which was considered to be a declaration of failure to fulfill the retail giant’s expectation in China of Chueng. After oneRead MoreThe Marketing Mix Of Walmart920 Words   |  4 Pagescountries all over the world. Some of those countries includes; China, United Kingdom, Africa and the United states. Walmart’s strategy is to take over the local retail stores once they enter into an international market. This plan has been effective in almost all of the international markets that Walmart has infiltrated. Walmart employees over two million people in their stores world-wide. The Marketing Mix of Walmart Walmart’s product strategy consist of the retailer selling various products. ConsumersRead MoreWalmart s Strategy Fit The Market Environment920 Words   |  4 Pagesbusiness as joint venture with the largest retailer Cifra S.A. in Mexico. The Walmart’s format proved to be quite successful in Mexico. Followed by year 1994, Walmart entered Canada market by acquisition strategy. In 1996, Walmart penetrate China by opening Sam’s Club and supercenter in Shenzhen, and acquisition of hypermarket chain called Trust-Mart in 2007. Walmart’s implementation of its low price and multi store formats strategy ensure its success in international expansion in these three countriesRead MoreWal Marts Business Level Strategy1478 Words   |  6 Pagesadvantage does Wal-Mart rely upon to execute its business-level strategy in the U.S.? Provide evidence for your answer. Introduction: Walmart one of the largest chain stores has a famous mantra â€Å"Ever Day Low Prices† has been attracting millions of customers around the world with their value chain activities. Walmart has lots of cost advantage and strategies over its competitors. Walmart has been able to execute its business level strategies with lot of success, and efficient policies but when it comesRead MoreEvaluation Of Walmart s Experiences2691 Words   |  11 PagesEvaluation of Walmart’s experiences in China and comparing them to Carrefour’s Rauf Canberk Altinkaya Southern States University Abstract Walmart and Carrefour are giant retailers. They have different perceptions in different markets. This case study focuses on these perceptions. Walmart failed in Chinese market since they lacked of convenient supply chains, adapting to cultural infrastructure of Chinese Market. Carrefour did some stuff better than Walmart. But Chinese market is notRead MoreChina: The Start of a New Era for Wal-Mart Global Expansion1514 Words   |  6 PagesWalMart in China Introduction WalMarts approach to global expansion exemplifies the journey of self-discovery many corporations who have a stable, profitable domestic base of operations go through as they attempt to enter new markets globally. For WalMart this meant confronting the exceptionally high level of ethnocentrism in their organization while also using their analytics-based prowess to better understand cultures, not just costs and profits (Ming-Ling, Donegan, Ganon, Kan, 2011). TheRead MoreWalmart : The Largest Retailer Of The United States Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesWalmart promoted more than 200,000 job opportunities in the United States (â€Å"Company Facts†, n.d.). According to the Walmart’s annual report, the company has $482.1 billion total revenue by January 2016 (â€Å"Company Facts†, n.d.). The current president and CEO is Doug McMillon (â€Å"Company Facts†, n.d.). Greg Penner is the chairman of the Board of Directors (â€Å"Company Facts†, n.d.). Walmart’s target market is lower to middle income people. These customers demand discounted products and they always shoppingRead MoreDefining Walmarts Internal Business Process Improvements894 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿WalMart: Defining Internal Business Process Improvements Introduction The dominance of WalMarts (NYSE:WMT) in discount retailing is a direct result of their business process excellence in the areas of supply chain management (SCM), supply chain optimization (SCO) and logistics management with its suppliers and retailing operations globally. What most differentiates WalMart from the many other discount retailers is their agility and speed of using information for insights and analysis (WalMartRead MoreWalmart in China1534 Words   |  7 PagesWalmart in China Introduction Walmart, founded by Sam Walton in 1962, is the largest retail company in the world. The low cost strategy and hence the â€Å"Every Day Low Prices† (EDLP) strategy allowed Walmart to outperform competitors in the US. Besides having stores in the US, Walmart has also expanded its market worldwide. Walmart’s entry into China was not surprising, given its population and growth potential. Nevertheless, Walmart China had been struggling with its sales volume. It was only rankedRead MoreWalmarts Vision And Strategies1542 Words   |  7 PagesRico, Ghana, China, United Kingdom, India, and others. In order to adequately serve the expanding demand for quality goods at reasonable prices – Walmart has to ensure that its supply-chain functions efficiently on a regular basis. To this end, in what follows, the author explores the manner in which Walmart manages its supply-chain, the impact of the management of the same, and the organisational theory of the company – in the successful pursuit of Walmart s vision and strategies. To commence this

A Fan’s View on Angelina Jolie Free Essays

Not many stars that I like. But she is an actress that I admire very much for talent and her attitude. Her name is Angelina Jolie is an American actress of 36 years. We will write a custom essay sample on A Fan’s View on Angelina Jolie or any similar topic only for you Order Now She is a person of admiration. Which is known globally with partner Brad Pitt has adopted children from Africa. In my view, many people may not be able to do the same. She is a very assertive and open. She is a member of the charitable foundation that provides assistance to all who need it. Although very popular, not so presumptuous as all stars. It behaves as if the world outside of the show. Angelina Jolie is a film actress and television. Born in Los Angeles in 1975. Throughout her career she has received numerous awards for his acting achievements, including an Academy Award and three Golden Globes is considered one of the sexiest women in the world and this is the focus of the entertainment press. In mid-2009, Angelina Jolie was ranked first in the list of Forbes magazine among the highest paid actresses in Hollywood, according to data released by the publication. It has three biological children with her partner, fellow actor, Brad Pitt. In 2001 he was appointed ambassador to the United Nations, actively participating with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Angelina uses its popularity to the media attention devoted to the case of refugees and the terrible conditions in which they live. She has visited many refugee camps and centers in countries like Tanzania, Cambodia, Pakistan, Namibia, Thailand and Ecuador. For his charitable work has been awarded grants humanitarian immigration program for refugees and Church World Service. Angelina Jolie and partner Brad Pitt have donated a million dollars each to two organizations dedicated to helping the disadvantaged, Global Action for Children and Doctors Without Borders. The organization provides aid in nearly 60 countries to people whose survival is threatened by violence, neglect, or catastrophe, primarily due to armed conflict, epidemics, malnutrition, exclusion from health care, or natural disasters, for emergency medical assistance to help victims of the Haiti earthquake. Asked what she hoped to accomplish meeting with refugees and internally displaced persons in more than 20 countries, she stated, â€Å"Awareness of the plight of these people. I think they should be commended for what they have survived, not looked down upon. † (Jolie 2003). As seen in previous paragraphs Angelina Jolie is a very bold and sociable. she has always shown love to everyone around the world an example of some publications that are published on the Facebook page: â€Å"On World Humanitarian Day we remember the aid workers who have lost their lives in the line of duty and we honor the extraordinary courage and dedication of humanitarian workers around the world,† she wrote. â€Å"I had the honor and the pleasure of meeting one of these brave individuals before his murder during a visit to Pakistan, where I witnessed first-hand the incredible devotion of a very kind and gentle man. His name was Mr. Zill-e-Usman. † (Jolie 2012) Angelina Jolie has spent many years helping the poor. The actress feels very fortunate to work as a member of UNHCR and refugees. According to the couple of Brad Pitt said about this: â€Å"It is true that they are the most vulnerable in the world, but paradoxically also the most resistant. They are survivors who have been forced to leave their homes and go without any possession thousands of miles to seek a better life. † (Jolie 2012) No doubt this woman is an example for many people who only care about the physical appearance and not help others. How to cite A Fan’s View on Angelina Jolie, Essay examples

Attractive Marketing Segments and Target Market free essay sample

The chain, originally known as Fashion 21, was intended at first mostly for middle-aged women. The store was founded in Los Angeles, California in 1984 by Do Won Chang and his wife Jin Sook Chang. The first Fashion 21 store opened on April 21, 1984. It was located at 5637 N. Figueroa St. in the Highland Park district of Los Angeles. The store sized at only 900 square feet (84  m2). It is still in operation and bears the chains original name. Trendy designs seen in South Korea were sold and targeted to the Los Angeles Korean American community. However, people from many other ethnicities and nationalities began noticing the trend-setting fashion designs and the store became increasingly popular. By the end of the first year sales were reported to have risen from $35,000 to $700,000. Fashion 21 eventually expanded at the rate of a new store every six months and changed the Fashion 21 brand name to its current name, Forever 21. We will write a custom essay sample on Attractive Marketing Segments and Target Market or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By 1997, there were 40 Forever 21 stores and today it has many different brands within the company, brands like Forever 21, Forever XXI, For Love 21 and Gadzooks. They sell children’s, girls, women, and men and extended size clothing, shoes, accessories and intimates. 2. 2 Mission Forever 21 missions are to provide shoppers with an unprecedented selection of today’s fashion with affordable pieces. They are also knows as â€Å"always changing and always in style†. 2. 3 Marketing Objectives * Expand depth of product selection by offering to their customers a wider mix. * Dedicated lines within different product categories Sells the latest styles of clothing and accessories at an affordable price. Keep up with every changing style in the fashion world. 2. 4 Segmentation 2. 4. 1 Geographic Countries: Birmingham, United Kingdom, Ireland, Dublin, London, Belgium, Brussels, Austria, Vienna, Paris, Bahrain, Beijing, Hong Kong, China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, United Arab Emirates, Portugal, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Netherland, Poland, Colombia, Mexico, United States of America, Puerto Rico, Canada, Turkey and Ukraine. Density: Urban Forever 21 open its stores in city of the developed countries that they see and think have the potential to growth and create a loyal and satisfied customer. Stores are always located in the shopping mall or in the city whereby there are higher numbers of shoppers everyday as well as located where customers can shop comfortably. 2. 4. 2 Demographic Gender: Male and Female Age: 18 to 34 Family Life Cycle:Youngster and Single Income:RM 12,000 to RM 30,000 Forever 21 targets are women, men and younger girls and boys with their own separate line for both genders. The products sold consist of trendy clothing, shoes, intimates, extended size and accessories. Today Forever 21 has many different brands within the company such as XXI Forever, Heritage 1981, For Love 21, Twelve by Twelve, Forever 21+ and 21 Men. Products are competitively priced at a reasonable price as their target market is very sensitive to a change in price of the product. 2. 4. 3 Psychographic Social Class:Middle, Upper Middle and Working Class Lifestyle: Fashionable and Affordable Forever 21 focuses on the youngster and working class who are fashionable and who able to afford the products that they sell as well as in fulfilling their customer needs and wants. 2. 4. 4 Behavioral Occasion:Everyday use User Status:Regular user Loyalty Status:Very strong Forever 21 has been growing rapidly and well developed since it is first established which shows that the brand has strong connection to the customer and has solidified their status in the fashion industry. By providing unprecedented selection of today’s fashion with affordable pieces makes this brand has countless loyal customers around the globe. 2. 5 Target Market Strategy Forever 21 focus on niche market. It understands the customer needs and wants in these fashion industries. As most of their customers are very technological, Forever 21 has created a YouTube account, Twitter account, Facebook account, Instagram account as well as blogger account. Their blog is aimed at educating the customers on their products. Meanwhile Instagram and YouTube account are used as an inspirational on how to wear their clothes in a fun and fashionable way. Twitter on the other hand is used to attract customers for sales and their limited offers. Facebook page is for suggestion and feedback from their customers. 2. 6 Positioning Forever 21 positioned itself as always changing, always in style and affordable. Customers have options and are able to be creative within their retail doors and customers are able to but the most recent fashion at lesser price as compared to other retail shop such as Hamp;M, Topshop and Zara.

Should We Genetically Engineer Ourselves Essays - Molecular Biology

Should We Genetically Engineer Ourselves? SHOULD WE GENETICALLY ENGINEER OURSELVES? Should we use new genetic information to alter our own DNA to make ourselves more adept? Last winter, scientist made a major break through in genetic engineering. They finished a complete map of DNA of a complex organism. Although the animal that they broke down is a simple flat worm, over 40% of its DNA sequence match our own. This is an astounding leap forward for genetic engineers. Genetic engineering is the use of lasers and/or chemicals to alter the sequences of nucleotides, which are the bases of DNA. Many people throughout the world greatly oppose genetic engineering. Calling it unethical, anti-Christianity and dangerous. I feel genetics can help us so much, all these controversies are nothing when amounted to the utopian health of the entire human race that could be achieved. Many of the Islamic countries have laws prohibiting such research in genetics. The Islamic holy book, The Koran, forbids any man from changing himself. Allah, the Islamic god, made the Muslim people in his own likeness and cast away all people who change his work. Likewise, in Christianity, God made Adam and Eve in his likeness. He also makes it that any man that changes the body that the Father has blessed him with shall be exiled away to Hell. I counter this argument with the question, If God and Allah loved their people so much, then why did they let their people become sick and have pain? I believe as a Christian, God would not have given us the knowledge to use genetics if he did not want us to change ourselves. The exact same theory applies to all religions. We are only better suiting ourselves to please our God. Ethics are always a major factor in wars, medicine and politics. Ethics play the part in genetics by posing the question why? Ethical oppressors believe that the human race should be left as is. They fear a super-human race taking over the world and a new type of racism and discrimination would result between the new human race and the old human race. I believe such a theory is very foolish. Genetics can not be used to make one more intelligent or faster reacting. The genetics that scientist are researching the genes that cause genetic diseases, such as Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, hemophilia and color blindness. They are manipulating DNA to take away diseases that slow down progression and cause families to be hurt. Imagine a world without sickle-cell anemia, or Diabetes. A world where cancer is very little known of and when found can easily be treated by genetic therapy. Little disease would be tolerated in our bodies. Virus would be destroyed by genetically engineered white blo od cells; AIDS would be cut down in a few years. Life expectancy would be almost 90 years old. Even the common cold would be gone, even with the viruses' constant mutations. One last fear of DNA manipulation is the fear of what if a bacteria or virus found a weakness? What if an epidemic started and spread fiercely that our great new genetically enhanced white blood cells could not handle? All of the human race would be susceptible to? True, it has happened in the past with corn that was genetically engineered. But such an epidemic is very highly unlikely. It did happen in corn, but that corn was merely an experiment. If we would do this to ourselves, it wouldn't be an experiment; it would be a medical treatment. Where all possible outside attacks would be known and could be stopped quickly. There is no fear that an epidemic would break out and it is unrealistic that the entire human race could be wiped out to the point of extinction in a matter of a few weeks. I feel genetic engineering can give us so much. There are some good reasons why we should not continue such research, but I think that the positive effects of making ourselves more perfect are dominant over little ethical issues. With DNA manipulation, we can lead better, healthier, and longer lives. A utopian life of health awaits us ahead and such criticism can only delay and hurt ourselves. Science

How Apportionment Determines State Representation

How Apportionment Determines State Representation Apportionment is the process of fairly dividing the 435 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives among the 50 states based on population counts from the decennial U.S. census. Apportionment does not apply to the U.S. Senate, which under Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution, is comprised of two senators from each state.   Who Came Up With the Apportionment Process? America’s Founding Fathers wanted the House of Representatives to represent the people rather than the state legislatures, which are represented in the Senate. To that end, Article I, Section II of the Constitution provides each state shall have at least one U.S. Representative, with the total size of a state’s delegation to the House based on its total population. Based on the national population as estimated in 1787, each member of the House in the First Federal Congress (1789–1791) represented 30,000 citizens. As the nation grew in geographic size and population, the number of representatives and the number of people they represented in the House increased accordingly.. Conducted in 1790, the first U.S, Census counted 4 million Americans. Based on that count, the total number of members elected to the House of Representatives grew from the original 65 to 106. The current membership of the House of Representatives was set at 435 by the Reapportionment Act of 1929, which established a permanent method for apportioning a constant number of seats according to each decennial census. How is Appropriation Calculated? The exact formula used for apportionment was created by mathematicians and politicians and adopted by Congress in 1941 as the Equal Proportions formula (Title 2, Section 2a, U. S. Code). First, each state is assigned one seat. Then, the remaining 385 seats are distributed using a formula that computes priority values based on each states apportionment population. Who is Included in the Apportionment Population Count? The apportionment calculation is based on the total resident population (citizen and noncitizen) of the 50 states. The apportionment population also includes U.S. Armed Forces personnel and federal civilian employees stationed outside the United States (and their dependents living with them) who can be allocated, based on administrative records, back to a home state. Are Children Under 18 Included? Yes. Being registered to vote or voting is not a requirement to be included in the apportionment population counts. Who is NOT Included in the Apportionment Population Count? The populations of the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Island Areas are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. What is the Legal Mandate for Apportionment? Article I, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution mandates that an apportionment of representatives among the states be carried out each 10-year period. Schedule for Reporting and Applying Apportionment Counts According federal law codified in Title 13 of the U.S. Code, the Census Bureau must deliver the apportionment counts- the census-counted resident population totals for each state- to the Office of the President of the United States within nine months of the official census date. Since the 1930 census, the census date has been April 1, meaning the Office of the President must receive the state population counts by December 31 of the census year.   To Congress According to  Title 2, U.S. Code, within one week of the opening of the next session of Congress in the new year, the president must report to the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives the apportionment population counts for each state and the number of representatives to which each state is entitled. To the States According to  Title 2, U.S. Code, within 15 days of receiving the apportionment population counts from the president, the Clerk of the House of Representatives must inform each state governor of the number of representatives to which that state is entitled. Using its population count and more detailed demographic results from the census, each state legislature then defines the geographic boundaries of its congressional and state election districts through a process known as redistricting.

Rhetorical Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rhetorical Analysis - Research Paper Example The ethos aspect, emotional appeal, of the article is significantly strong. Mr. Roger Cohen is a renowned author, columnist and journalist. (A General Summary of Aristotle's Appeals . . ., n.d.). He has extensive experience in foreign correspondence and his work reflects his far-reaching credentials. Considering the writer’s authenticity and credibility, the article carries much weight and strength. However, there is a point worth consideration here. To write about Britishers’ sentiments about London Olympics, probably, is a little out of Roger Cohen spectrum of expertise. In a way, this article can be regarded as a casual, off-road piece of writing for a usually seriously-political content-writer such Roger Cohen. His role in the article is important and provides basis for the basic structure of the writing. He sets the tone as casual and light-weighted. More importantly, using his imaginative-fluency, he carefully carves the primary style to be used in the article from start to end. He uses the indirect approach whereby he creates an opposite scenario at first in the initial paragraph to introduce the main scenario of the article that worked well in the general discourse of the whole writing. Moving on to the content of the article, it is safe to say that he articulated this piece with a commendable choice of words and expression to produce an interesting read. He enjoyed the liberty to develop coherent pre-body scenarios and post-body conclusions. The logos aspect (The Rhetorical Triangle: Understanding and Using Logos, Ethos, and Pathos, n.d.) of it considerably appropriate; Cohen’s ability in using logic and rationality in his writing is strongly backed by his extensive experience in journalism and column-writing.

Economy and Agriculture in Russia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economy and Agriculture in Russia - Case Study Example This in turn would be related to the development of agricultural economy and vertical integration of the agricultural market. The discussion here is based on vertical integration of grain agricultural market in transition economies of Eastern Europe (such as Russia) considering both secondary and primary research methods. The deficiencies in research methods are highlighted and the focus is on the agricultural and economic possibilities in Russia and other East European countries. In the context of Russia and other transition economies, it would be essential to analyze whether the Central and Eastern European countries have sustainable levels of agricultural output. However the impediments for emergence of agro food sector may have to be found out (OECD, 1998). The key issues related to structural reforms of the agro food sector especially within transition economies would deal with credit and finance, foreign direct investment, and efficiency matters in the sector. Support levels provided to agricultural companies and initiatives should increase and transition economies are in focus as these globally emerging economies are the ones which will become more important for world markets than the more stable economies. Funke and Ruhwedel (2005) used data from 14 East European transition economies to evaluate the relationship between productivity and economic growth in these regions. The results obtained from trade data suggest that the growth model of East Europea n transition economies may be explained with outward orientation and integration of world economic patterns. Russia's development and economic growth will have to be considered against the 1998 financial crisis that was triggered with the international financial crisis. With the financial crises, declining income and rising prices and inflation led to stockpiling of products for short term needs. Crisis also increased price competitiveness of agriculture and food industry although there has been a reported overall declining performance of the Russian economy after the 1998 crisis, especially within the agro food sector (Serova et al, 1999). The poor institutional settings within Russia and extensive bartering could be detrimental for the economy. Russia follows protectionist measures and measures to counteract food shortages although Serova et al (1999) claim that this may actually increase the inconsistency of Russia's food policies. Seeth et al (1998) draws out on the case of poverty and economic problems in Russia to bring out new dimensions in poverty research, especially within the context of Russia. The urban and rural households in Russia tend to respond to crisis situations and economic stress with increasing dependence on home gardening and subsistence agriculture. Agriculture is especially important for income and food consumption among the middle income strata although the poorer sections of society have very scarce resources and small plots and gardens that may not be adequate for income or food consumption. Household labour force and opportunities available would be some of the main factors that can

Fashion Taste and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fashion Taste and Ethics - Essay Example Each of the class has its own taste for the basic and secondary needs aspect that is commonly used by marketers as they launch new products in the market. In their efforts to emulate new consumption habits, members of the middle class as well as those at the lower social class imitate the taste of the upper calls members. This paper evaluates the relationship that exists between taste and class, one of the major aspects of identity. Class Social class entails the set of concepts that are adopted by social scientists to group individuals with similar consumption habits and taste into various categories. Being a vital analysis tool for the political scientists and sociologists, social class enables firms and governments to provide amenities and goods that are not only aimed at improving the living standard of individuals but also to improve economic performance of a country. According to Marxist theory, class involves the combination of subjective and objective factors. While the subjective individuals possess some perception of common interests and similarity among themselves, objectively members of the same class share common relationship to the factors used in the production of goods and services (Arsel and Jonathan, 2013). This implies that in most cases, the subjective factors play a key role in ensuring that members of a similar has have a similar taste towards a particular products. On his part, Max Weber, a reno wned sociologist formulated a major theory of stratification that depicted political power as a connection between class, status and group power. According to Weber, education and skills possessed by a person highly determines the class portion of an individual as compared to their relationship with the factors of production. Upper class Upper class is made up of the well-born or wealthy individuals. In most societies, the condition to enter upper class is being wealth. In others, individuals born in particular aristocratic bloodlines are taken to be the member of the upper class. As a result of the passing of the wealth from one generation to another within the upper class, their demand for luxuries and other expensive products remains constant. Some of the major factors that have resulted to high demand for expensive commodities by the members of the upper class include high generation of revenue from lands and rents among other sources of wealth. Even though the members of the up per class are not many especially for the developing countries, their implication on the aggregate demand for consumer products is significant in the growth for any economy. Middle class Middle class involves the group of people who fall between the upper and the lower classes. It covers the white collar employees who earn a significant income to cover their household needs. To ensure that their status is improved, individuals within the middle class have highly demand education and technologies the major aspects that enables them to enter the upper class. As compared to the upper class, members of the middle class have a lower taste for the luxurious products since their aim it to improve their economic status. In this regard, they look for employment opportunities that will expand their incomes and allow them to pursue further education thus enhancing their skills. One of the significant aspects of the middle cl

Operations management of the Tata Motors Group

Operations management of the Tata Motors Group The concept of operations management is related to the optimum utilization of the resources in the best possible way. In todays complex business environment it is very important to understand the importance of every management process. operations management is a very important factor for the maximum utilization of resources in any firm. Introduction Established under the parent company, Tata Group, in 1945, Tata Motors Limited has become Indias largest automobile company. It was the first Indian automobile company to list on the New York Stock Exchange. Tata Motors began manufacturing commercial vehicles in 1954 with a 15-year collaboration agreement with Daimler Benz of Germany. This partnership has led Tata Motors to not only become Indias largest automobile company but also Indias largest commercial vehicle manufacturer; the worlds top five manufactures of medium and heavy trucks and the worlds second largest medium and heavy bus manufacturer. Having just entered the passenger vehicles market segment in 1991, Tata Motors now ranks second in Indias passenger vehicle market. Tata has enjoyed the prestige of having developed Tata Ace, Indias first indigenous light commercial vehicle; Tata Safari, Indias first sports utility vehicle; Tata Indica, Indias first indigenously manufactured passenger car; and the Nano, the worlds least expensive The company that has been taken for the purpose of demonstrating operation management and its effectiveness is Tata motors India Pvt. Ltd. The fact that tata motors came up with a small car in the Indian market and has been very succesfull it needs to be understood that what it is that instigated the success to such a boundry. Tata Motors is Indias largest automobile company, with consolidated revenues of USD 20 billion in 2009-10. It is the leader in commercial vehicles and among the top three in passenger vehicles. Tata Motors has products in the compact, midsize car and utility vehicle segments. The company is the worlds fourth largest truck manufacturer, the worlds second largest bus manufacturer, and employs 24,000 workers. Since first rolled out in 1954, Tata Motors has produced and sold over 4 million vehicles in India. Established in 1945, when the company began manufacturing locomotives, the company manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in a collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which ended in 1969. Tata Motors is a dual-listed company traded on both the Bombay Stock Exchange, as well as on the New York Stock Exchange. Tata Motors in 2005, was ranked among the top 10 corporations in India with an annual revenue exceeding INR 320 billion. In 2010, Tata Motors surpassed Reliance to win the coveted title of Indias most valuable brand in a annual survey conducted by Brand Finance and The Economic Times. Tata Motors has auto manufacturing and assembly plants in Jamshedpur, Pantnagar , Lucknow, Ahmedabad, Sanand,Dharwad and Pune in India, as well as in Argentina, South Africa and Thailand. Tata Motors aimed to increase its presence worldwide. In 2004, it acquired the Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company of South Korea. The reasons behind the acquisition were: Companys global plans to reduce domestic exposure. The domestic commercial vehicle market is highly cyclical in nature and prone to fluctuations in the domestic economy. Tata Motors has a high domestic exposure of ~94% in the MHCV segment and ~84% in the light commercial vehicle (LCV) segment. Since the domestic commercial vehicle sales of the company are at the mercy of the structural economic factors, it is increasingly looking at the international markets. The company plans to diversify into various markets across the world in both MHCV as well as LCV segments. To expand the product portfolio Tata Motors recently introduced the 25MT GVW Tata Novus from Daewoos (South Korea) (TDCV) platform. Tata plans to leverage on the strong presence of TDCV in the heavy-tonnage range and introduce products in India at an appropriate time. This was mainly to cater to the international market and also to cater to the domestic market where a major improvement in the Road infrastructure was done through the National Highway Development Project. Tata remains Indias largest heavy commercial vehicle manufacturer and Tata Daewoo is the 2nd largest heavy commercial vehicle manufacturer in South Korea. Tata Motors has jointly worked with Tata Daewoo to develop trucks such as Novus and World Truck and buses namely, GloBus and StarBus. In January 2008, Tata Motors launched Tata Nano, the least expensive production car in the world at about 120,000 (US $3000).The city car was unveiled during the Auto Expo 2008 exhibition in Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. Tata has faced controversy over developing the Nano as some environmentalists are concerned that the launch of such a low-priced car could lead to mass motorization in India with adverse effects on pollution and global warming. Tata has set up a factory in Sanand, Gujarat and the first Nanos are to roll out summer 2009. Tata Nano Europa has been developed for sale in developed economies and is to hit markets in 2010 while the normal Nano should hit markets in South Africa, Kenya and countries in Asia and Africa by late 2009. A battery version is also planned. Tata Motors Limited is Indias largest automobile company, with revenues of 35,651.48 crore (US$7.74 billion) in 2007-08. It is the leader in commercial vehicles in each segment, and among the top three in passenger vehicles in India with products in the compact, midsize car and utility vehicle segments. Tata vehicles are sold primarily in India, and over 4 million Tata vehicles have been produced domestically since the first Tata vehicle was assembled in 1954. The companys manufacturing base in India is spread across Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Pune (Maharashtra), Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) and Dharwad (Karnataka). Following a strategic alliance with Fiat in 2005, Tata set up an industrial joint venture with Fiat Group Automobiles at Ranjangaon (Maharashtra) to produce both Fiat and Tata cars and Fiat powertrains. The company is establishing a new plant at Sanand (Gujarat). Tatas dealership, sales, service and spare parts network comprises over 3500 touch points. Ta ta Motors also distributes and markets Fiat branded cars in India. Current Situation The Tata Motors group is a passenger and commercial vehicle manufacturer based in India. The motor group was established in 1945 as part of the larger Tata Group. They have long been known for their commercial vehicles and in the past ten years entered into the passenger car market. Currently, Tata Motors has a line of five passenger vehicles and a large line of commercial vehicles producing pickups, trucks, tractor trailers, tippers, and buses. Both product lines of the Tata Motors group have seen success, but much of this has been built upon the more deeply established commercial vehicle product line. Tata Motors commercial line has been established for several years in many market segments such as Europe, Africa, The Middle East, Australia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. Tata Motors has expanded their business and market share around the world through a series of acquisitions. In 2004, they acquired Daewoo commercial vehicle Company in South Korea which was South Koreas second largest truck manufacturer. This acquisition gave Tata Motors a significant presence in the Korean market. They have also entered into joint ventures with companies such as Thonburi Automotive in 2006, which allowed them to manufacture and market pickup trucks in Thailand. Tata Motors have been making global headlines in the auto industry lately; the largest news being their acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover from Ford. Tata paid 2.3 billion dollars to Ford for the two brands that cost Ford 5.3 billion (Carty, USA Today). This is a major step for the company because it catapults them into the luxury car business which they are not known for at this time. Tata, like many new businesses it acquires, is allowing this new segment of the business to be run by previous management since they have more experience in the luxury automotive business. Tata will give us some space. They want us to run our business, be a premium British car company (Mike ODriscoll, managing director of Jaguar). This is yet another large acquisition for the Tata Motors group and could create great success for the company in the near future. Corporate Governance Since Tata Motors is a part of a large conglomerate company it needs to have a strong corporate governance to ensure that its employees act ethically and the business continues to run smoothly especially during the ever changing and dynamic global economy. Tata Groups corporate governance is founded upon a rich legacy of fair, ethical, and transparent governance practices (tatacarsworldwide.com). One of the more important parts of this is the transparency of the company people have a right to know what the company is doing not only to ensure ethical practices, but for the insurance of their many shareholders whom have a right to know the inner workings of the company Tata has created some models for employees to guide themselves through everyday business practices to ensure that the corporate governance is continuously being upheld. The Tata business excellence model is upheld by Tata quality management services. Quality management is an in-house group dedicated to helping the various Tata companies achieve their business objectives through specific processes. The two main processes that the quality management services employees focus on are business excellence and business ethics. These two objectives have helped build Tata into the strong, dynamic company it is today. These models are entrenched in the companys ethnical standards and Tata feels strongly about enforcing both throughout the company. Tata quality management services plays the role of supporter and facilitator in the journey that Tata enterprises undertake to reach the peaks of business eminence while, at the same time, adhering to the highest ethical standards (Tata.com). To further prove their commitment to quality and ethical practices Tata has introduced annual quality awards for those companies conducting business with the utmost quality. These awards are called the JRD quality value awards named after the late chairmen JRD Tata. These awards are presented annually on July 29th, the birthday of JRD Tata. Tata has committed to ensuring quality and ethical standards not only within Tata Motors, but throughout their many other branches and sectors of the Tata Group. They have done so by benchmarking quality standards through the Tata business excellence model as well as providing incentives for companies to strive to improve the quality of their service, by awarding JRD quality management awards. Financial Position Tata Motors have increased its earnings over the years through their various acquisitions and joint ventures with truck manufacturers in Southeast Asia. Gross profit in the year 2006 was 1,160.9 million and increased to 1,510.1 million in the year 2007. Earnings after taxes also increased significantly between 2006 and 2007 increasing from 336.6 million to 405.5 million in 2007. After a large drop in revenues from 2004 to 2005 when the company first went public on the NYSE it has been increasing revenues greatly annually, from 4,422.0 million in 2005 to 7,354.0 in 2007. Core Competencies Tata Motors is able to maintain, as well as increase, their market share by capitalizing on their core competencies. Tata Motors is active, competitive, and dynamic in all aspects of the automotive industry, which means that there must be many different activities going on in all areas of the company. As a result of the ever evolving automotive industry Tata Motors must always be changing and one way to stay at the forefront of the industry is to make continuous improvements in technology through research and development. One way that Tata Motors has done this is by producing one of the most efficient and low cost vehicles on the market. Acquisitions, mergers, and expansion is another core competency that Tata Motors has is embedded in their company structure and philosophy. Another core competency that Tata Motors holds is being located in the India. This location has allowed them to understand not only the Indian market but also the dynamics of emerging and developing markets. This market understanding and knowledge allows Tata Motors to manufacture their products at lower costs, sell them to emerging markets while making profits as well as take advantage of the strong labor base in India. PEST Analysis Political Since Tata Motors operates in multiple countries across Europe, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Australia, it needs to pay close attention to the political climate but also laws and regulations in all the countries it operates in while also paying attention to regional governing bodies. Laws governing commerce, trade, growth, and investment are dependent on the local government as well as how successful local markets and economies will be due to regional, national and local influence. In accordance, Tatas headquarters in Mumbai, India, strictly controls and regulates operations in all dealerships and subsidiaries, in addition to knowing and abiding by all labor laws in the multiple countries where they have manufacturing plants it has to watch political change. Economic Operating in numerous countries across the world, Tata Motors functions with a global economic perspective while focusing on each individual market. Because Tata is in a rapid growth period, expanding or forming a joint venture in over five countries world-wide since 2004, a global approach enables Tata Motors to adapt and learn from the many different regions within the whole automotive industry. They have experience and resources from five continents across the globe, thus when any variable changes in the market they can gather information and resources from all over the world to address any issues. For instance, if the price of the aluminum required to make engine blocks goes up in Kenya, Tata has the option to get the aluminum from other suppliers in Europe or Asia who they would normally get from for production in Ukraine or Russia. Tata Motors also has to pay close attention to shifts in currency rates throughout the world. Currency fluctuations can equate to higher or lower de mands for Tata vehicles which in turn affect profitability. It can also mean a rise in costs or a drop in returns. But they also have to pay attention to not just the domestic currency, the rupee, but also to the dollar, euro, bhat, won, and pound, to just name a few. Just because the rupee is strong against the dollar does not mean it is strong against all the other currencies. Attention to currency is important because it influences where capital investment will develop and prosper. Social Undoubtedly, the beliefs, opinions, and general attitude of all the stakeholders in a company will affect how well a company performs. This includes every stakeholder from the CEO and President, down to the line workers who screw the door panel into place, from the investor to the customer, the culture and attitude of all these people will ultimately determine the future of a company and whether they will be profitable or not. For this reason, Tata Motors tends to use an integration and rarely separation technique with foreign companies they acquire. In 2004, Tata Motors acquired Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company, which was at the time Koreas second largest truck maker. Rather than using de-culturation or assimilating Daewoo, Tata took an integrated approach, and continued building and marketing Daewoos current models as well as introducing a few new models globally just as it had been done under Korean management. Technology Tata Motors and its parent company, the Tata Group, are ahead of the game in the technology field. The foundation of the companys growth is a deep understanding of economic stimuli and customer needs, and the ability to translate them into customer-desired offerings through leading edge RD (Tata). Employing 1,400 scientists and engineers, Tata Motors Research and Development team is ahead of the pack in Indias market and right with the rest of the field internationally. Among Tatas firsts are the first indigenously developed Light Commercial Vehicle, Indias first Sports Utility Vehicle and, in 1998, the Tata Indica, Indias first fully indigenous passenger car, as well as the increasingly famous Tata Nano, which is projected to be the worlds cheapest production car (Tata). In the automotive industry, it is becoming increasingly crucial for manufacturers to stay on top of the technology curve with new problems always rising such as escalating gas prices and pollution problems. Tata rec ognizes this and dedicates lots of resources and time into research and development to be even with or preferably ahead of other competitors, global trends, and changing economies. In all, an automobile manufacturer must change, adapt, and evolve to stay competitive in the automotive game, and this is exactly what Tata is doing with their rapid growth, and extensive research and development. SWOT Analysis Strengths Tata Motors excels when it comes to innovation through intensive research and development. Their ability to make the least expensive car on the market, the Nano which will retail for $2,500, is far beyond what any other car dealership has created. This innovation gives Tata Motors their main competitive advantage. Tata Motors makes everything from tractor-trailers to the worlds least expensive car. This product diversity grants them a competitive advantage over their competitors because they can satisfy more markets and customer needs. Another strength that Tata Motors possesses is high corporate responsibility. They donate a portion of their profits from stock increases towards a specific charity. This highlights Tata Motors overall desire for community improvement while also emphasizing Tata Motors high morals and values which is something money can not buy. Tata Motors is unique in a way in which when it buys a company. Tata Motors keeps the original management of that company int act. The company that Tata Motors purchases will look exactly the same in terms of management and organizational structure as if it was never purchased by Tata Motors. Weaknesses There are strings attached with every new invention and improvement on products. These strings are Tata Motors weaknesses and what other groups perceive as their weaknesses. One weakness that Tata Motors faces is its inability to meet safety standards. Although they have made the most inexpensive car out on the market, it has yet to pass all the safety standards which is a legal factor. Some consumers and pessimists inquire as to how Tata Motors can make such a cheap car and withstanding a car accident or not just falling apart after hitting something once. Pessimistic people also want to believe that car manufactures are already doing everything they can to keep costs low for the consumer, and if that is the case, then putting the cheapest car out on the market automatically questions if it is safe to drive.Tata Motors only have been making passenger cars for the approximately last ten years. This can be viewed as a weakness from a customer standpoint since a decade does not seem li ke a lot to consumers and therefore they will think that Tata Motors is inexperienced car manufacturing. Opportunities Tata Motors has already opened the doors for many new and innovative ideas, but not only for their company, but their competitors as well which could turn into a threat. One of the major opportunities that Tata Motor faces is that as of right now 90 percent of China and Indias adult population do not own cars, partly because cars are costly and require more expenses after purchased. So the market for a low-priced car is huge which benefits Tata Motors perfectly since they produce the lowest priced car on the market. This is a huge opportunity for Tata Motors because if they can get their feet into that market of people that do not have cars because they cannot afford them, then they will make large profits down the road. Chinas total car sales are estimated at over 8 million dollars annually and they were the worlds second largest car market in 2006. Chinas government forecasts that demand for cars will top 20 million by 2020. With Tata Motors in the market with the cheapest car, Chinas demand for cars will probably increase even more significantly which will in turn increase sales for Tata Motors. As of March 2008 Tata Motors finalized a deal with Ford Motor Company to acquire the British businesses, Jaguar Cars and Land Rover. This is a huge opportunity for Tata Motors since they will acquire the large knowledge base and technologies for producing and marketing luxury vehicles. This acquisition helps them dive into the more mature markets in Japan, Europe and the U.S. The knowledge transfer from these two companies will greatly improve Tata Motors ability to continue to grow and flourish in both developing and developed market segments. Threats The obvious threat to Tata Motors is intellectual property rights. Tata invented the cheapest car on the market and every automobile manufacturer wants to know how Tata did it. Headhunters are soon going to find out this valuable information and make it available to their own company. This is a huge threat to Tata Motors because at first they had low competition, but once other car manufactures find out how they invented such a low cost car, and then these companies too will jump on board and design their own line of low cost automobiles. On one hand this can be a threat, but on the other it may not affect Tata Motors at all because people will still want to purchase their product since they were the pioneers of all the excitement. Another main concern that Tata Motors faces is that cheap cars in India will have an adverse effect on pollution and global warming because most of the population will be able to afford the cars.

Diagnosis of Psychological Disorders and Treatment Essay -- Female Sex

Introduction In this paper we shall discuss two (2) fictional clients and their symptoms, and attempt to diagnose the clients using the DSM-IV TR. We then shall discuss specific treatment strategies that are based on the four (4) approaches discussed during the Introduction to Psychology course and briefly discuss ethical obligations in regard to the client during their treatment. Disorders Amanda is a 25 year old Caucasian female whom has a history of sexual abuse as a child and is in therapy to deal with emotional issues in regards to the abuse. She has been married for three (3) years and enjoys sexual activity with her husband. Her concern lies in the fact that although she is enjoying sexual intercourse and other sexual activities with her husband, she has noticed since becoming sexually active at age 17 that there have been reoccurring issues in regards to maintaining adequate lubrication. This has been frustrating for both Amanda and her husband and caused some strain on their marriage. Regina is a 28 year old Caucasian female. She has been married for nine months to her husband, they have two children together and each have one child from a previous relationship. Regina and her husband are seeking family counseling in regards to issues pertaining on ways better integrate their blended family. During the initial intake Regina is forthcoming but her husband brings up her â€Å"immense need† to clean and maintain their home. He gives specifics to what he describes as a â€Å"compulsiveness†, after talking with Regina she explains she feels an overpowering need to clean and pick up after the children. She goes on to explain her mother was not one for keeping a tidy house and would be embarrassed that it was â€Å" dirty â€Å"when frien... ...ue. Another important one is patient confidentiality and maintaining that confidentiality throughout treatment. If a patient does not trust you they are unlikely to get the most out of the therapy strategy you are pursuing. Lastly, it is very unbecoming to have an inappropriate relationship with a client during their treatment and can cause more harm to the patient. References Female Sexual Arousal Disorder in Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions at ALLPSYCH Online. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://allpsych.com/disorders/sexual/sexualarousal.html Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Anxiety Disorders at ALLPSYCH Online. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://allpsych.com/disorders/anxiety/ocd.html Stangor, C. (2010). Introduction to Psychology. Irvington, NY: Flat World Knowledge, Inc. Weiten, W. (2005). Psychology: Themes & Variations (6th ed.) Thompson/ Wadsworth

English 2 – Literary Response

My Singular Irene Literature is, by my understanding, a means to critic society and individuals or the way the world is behaving. Writers of Literature write literature to provide a new way of seeing things that might be different from our point of view. In other words, writers use tools of literature story like: symbolism, point of view to help them is making the literature story to be more exciting and clear to us, the reader. The author helps us to see the frailty or other bad deeds and good things about this life in this world as we seldom see those things with our own eyes. A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings and My Singular Irene is a very good example for this literature reading, because it is very rich in literature concept and devices, like: symbolism or point of view. The main character in this story is said to be alienated, repressed and silenced in the story. I will prove this statement by retelling the main point on the story that supports this statement. A very old man refers to an old angel that is cast ashore into earth because of inability to keep up with the heavy rain. e can see that the angel is alienated from examples that shown this statement, such as : †They found the whole neighborhood in front of the chicken coop having fun with the angel, without the slightest reference, tossing him things to eat through the openings in the wire as if he weren’t a supernatural creature but a circus animal. †(Gabriel Garcia Marquez 36). the angel is alienated because It is treated differently from the others. The others are having f un with the angel rather than socializing with the angel. The angel is also repressed and silenced. There is a quotation that shows this statement: â€Å"Pelayo watch over him all afternoon from the kitchen, armed with his Bailiff’s club, and before going to bed he dragged him out of the mud and locked him up with the hens in the wire chicken coop. †(Gabriel Garcia- Marquez 36). From this statement, we can derive that the angel is â€Å"caged† from it’s freedom and its freedom is repressed by the caged that Pelayo given it, thus the angel is silenced from the freedom. My Singular Irene is also a good example for this literature reading. Irene is reputed to be alienated is true in this story. Irene is treated differently from other people. From the story we know that Ilene’s husband( the first person view in the story) isolated Irene from the outside world by buying Irene very expensive â€Å"stuff† to lure Irene to stay in the house isolated from the outside world. Irene is also axiomatic to be repressed and silenced. We know from the story that Irene is considered as a â€Å"thing† to her husband, because her husband wants Irene to act like he wants. So, in order to satisfy his ego, Irene is inhibited and muted by many ways, like: not allowing Irene to go to the outside world, forbidding visitors to meet Irene. Irene too, like the Angel is constrained from freedom. A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings and My Singular Irene are an example of story that has a symbol of contemporary alienation and triumph over it. First, I am going to express about A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings. The angel in the story is alienated or make indifferent. It is derived from the behavior of the people that found the angel. It is treated like mere goods than divine figure. So, it is true that it is a contemporary alienation. Later in the story, we know that the angel has his most precious tool that can bring him back to his divine status. That tool is its wings, when its wings grows back, he immediately leaped up to the sky and clapped its wings and fly to the horizon of freedom. The angel is reputed to be a triumph over alienation. Second, My Singular Irene is also a symbol of alienation. Irene is also made hostile like the angel. She is isolated or â€Å"caged† by her husband; there is an interesting point in this story in my point of view. To me, Irene seemed to be speechless or not a living thing. The author writes the story in such a way that us, readers, grabs the alienation theme in the story. Irene is also considered as a triumph over alienation. There is a quotation from the story: Horrifying! Irene changed into a horrendous butterfly! I stood up and fell again, powerless now. She would leave me; she would take flight and leave me. The gigantic Irene Butterfly smiled at me, diminished, and disappeared with the others. I am at the site of the events, waiting for Irene’s return. She has no return. She cannot deny me the peace that her company always offered me. (AlmAnzar, JosE AlcAntara 45) From this quotation, I interpret it that Irene’s freedom does also mean she has a higher status in the relationship with her husband now. What I meant by higher status of relationship is the one that always try to get the relationship going is the one that has a lower status, in this case, her husband. Irene’s triumph over alienation is expressed by the author of Irene transformation into the most beautiful butterfly that can fly anywhere it wants. It is very interesting that these two stories have a similar thing. They both define freedom by flying leaving the thing that binds their way to freedom. The following paragraph below tells a story about human needs for personal freedom and community. There is certainly no argument in this world that can be used to defy human needs for socializing and personal freedom. Human always seek out a way to grab that freedom. Kingdom falls, kingdom rises, Leader of a faction dies, and assassin was born. All of these examples are made because of the need to obtain and maintain personal freedom and the ability to communicate freely with communities of choice. There is an interesting story below those talks about human’s desire for personal liberty. This story is about the struggle of African-American communities in the United States to obtain their right of personal freedom and human needs for sociality. United States also known as the land of the free and the brave has been well known for its freedom. It has a lot to offer, such as: the freedom of speech, the right to work, etc. But, in contrast to all of those things, there is a little dispute inside this great country in the era of slavery. African American is the target for this matter. African American arrived in the United States as Indentured Servants via Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. They could earn their so called â€Å"personal freedom† by working as slave to their chosen master. As time goes by, the other majority in the United States made a conduct for slaves called â€Å"Slaves Codes†. This Slave Codes constrained African American in the Unites States from their liberty. They did fight for it until the Majority pushes another harsh rule for any slaves that disobey its masters. From this point, we can see human’s needs for personal freedom. Human fights for freedom risking everything they had, like: their lives, treasure, relatives. There is also a story of a president that fight for part of his citizen’s needs for personal freedom, his name was Abraham Lincoln. He was a farmer boy that born Feb. 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. His parents were both born in Virginia. Abraham was well known for his strength and cleverness in farming skills. In not so long time he began to be very famous in the community because of his skills in socializing. Not so long after that, he became the president of the United States. He saw this great calamity of slavery and intends to abolish this calamity for good. To pursue this personal freedom, Abraham had gone through a lot of obstacles from his own family until his own citizen in the south. Alas, not so long a civil war broke out between the north and the south. But, the good always wins; Abraham with the North wins the Civil War by diplomacy. And thus the period of reconstruction began. Unfortunately Abraham was killed by an assassin in April 14, 1865; Lincoln was killed at Ford's Theatre in Washington by John Wilkes Booth. This story has greatly described to us the importance of human need for community and personal freedom. In conclusion, these two stories, My Singular Irene and A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings, tell us about the importance of personal freedom and need of interaction with other people. They also told us, no matter how hard human is pushed to abandoned their personal freedom; human always emerges to fight their way to obtain freedom even though they have to put their lives on the line to achieve their goal, personal freedom.

slaughterhouse 5 essays

slaughterhouse 5 essays Kurt Vonnegut attempted to write an anti-war novel after his old war buddy, Bernard O Hares wife, Mary, clearly expressed how disgusted she was with war novels because they glorified something that she thought of as repulsive. Vonnegut undoubtedly has written Slaughterhouse Five as an anti-war novel. He uses the books plot structure, time, and irony to convey a message of antipathy towards war in general and especially to World War Two, in which he fought. Slaughterhouse Five arbitrarily switches from childhood to adulthood. This shows how Billy Pilgrim was incapable of living his life like a normal person. His time in war has scarred him psychologically for the rest of his life. The reader gets tired of being unable to comprehend what is going on, and is forced to imagine what is happening to Billy. Most novels start with childhood and logically proceed to old age, with a few flashbacks. But, in this novel, the protagonist adopts the outlook on life, which aliens who supposedly kidnapped him have. This is the only way he can figure out the unfastened grasp he has on time. This is a result of the war. A bug trapped in amber is used continuously throughout the book as a representation of how all time is trapped in moments that one can revisit these memories anytime he pleases. Vonnegut tries to explain that life is an endless cycle of beginning and endings. So why do human beings always dote on the bad things such as death, divorce, and war? Every time someone dies, another person is born. Every time two people get divorced, two more people are stating their vows to each other. Every time there war, a period of peace and prosperity follows. Whenever Billy Pilgrim is faced with a bad situation in the story, he travels in time, basically ignoring the present situation. This way he lives in the past and the future, in other words, a state of denial. Vonnegut offered a s ...

Robber Baron essays

Robber Baron essays During the late 1800s many prominent business leaders arose in America, such as Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefellar, and Thomas Edison. Some of these business giants contributed to America, while others were considered robber barons. This was so due to the monopolizing and use of illegal means to gain affluence. From this control of economy and monopoly came the name robber barons. Andrew Carnegie arrived as a poor immigrant from Scotland. In 1899 he established the Carnegie Steel Corporation, which grew to one of the largest steel corporations in the world by 1901. Carnegie owned the steel market by buying all other steelmills, and thus controlling the steel prices, being able to increase them at his will. By coming up with vertical integration, middleman fees were eliminated, furthering contributing to his affluence. This control of the steel market placed him into the group of robber barons. As Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel market, John D. Rockefellar was alike but in the oil industry. His method which classified him into the robber baron category differed from Carnegie in the fact that he would cooperate with other companies to control the monopoly, known as horizontal integration, contrary to Carnegie's. The control of these companies was conjured by the Standard Oil Trust, made up of a board of trustees and the company's properties were given, where each shareholder received the share of the profits. Rockefellar's company was also shown to be tyrannical of the oil market by buying out smaller companies and the restrictions on trade, which was stopped by the government on the grounds of being in violation to the Sherman Antitrust Act. Out of the three aforementioned prominent business leaders, the only who is not to be considered as a robber baron is Thomas Edison. Edison was a great inventor, creating the incandescent lamp and the world's first electric power station. Creating...

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Nursing - Essay Example Scientists have derived many ways to treat such a cancer and the first one involves surgical removal for example lumpectomy- removal of the tumor mass only and a mastectomy- excision of the mass as well as the tissue in the periphery. Then there is also the method of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and the last but not least biological therapy. Cervical cancer is another type of cancer that is prominent among the female gender especially in the developing continents targeting mostly those who are in the age group of 40- 50 years. Unfortunately, this type of cancer can be confirmed only after a Pap smear though the good thing is that if it had been detected during the initial stage, it could be treated. Another gynecological type of cancer is the ovarian tumors. These occupy the first common malignancy among US citizens. The signs and symptoms are mainly vaginal bleeding, pain in back and lower abdomen, vomiting, nausea and loss of weight. The treatment comprises of chemotherapy, thermal therapy and sometimes even hysterectomy. The main side effects are that the patients have a very low immune system and this implies that they are more exposed to infections and other diseases and are physically weak after the chemotherapy. They are given doses of Interferon alpha and also Leukine following the therapy as well as immune system boosters. Contraceptive methods are means of preventing unwanted pregnancy as well as assuring a maximal level of safety. Starting from the most promising way, the major position will be the regular kind of condom which reassures both against STD and pregnancy but provides no guarantee. The next one is the hormonal pills which arevery effective if used in the proper way and the side effect is basically nausea, headache and weight gain. There is also the intra-uterine device which is now adopted by many women who find taking pills difficult have the major disadvantage

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 2

Sociology - Essay Example His work emphasized on the methods of sociological studies, division of labour, scientific studies of religion and the analysis of suicide due to imbalance between self and the society. (â€Å"Durkheim, Émile†, 2007) Durkheim’s made his most influential work on the detailed study of suicide in his famous book ‘Le Suicide’ which was published on 1897. This book, not only broke the conventional analyses of suicide, but it was successful in giving sociological studies a new momentum from the long celebrated ones. The modern standard structure of sociological research and analysis was originated from Durkheim. Durkheim, in his book framed a new definition of suicide as â€Å"the term suicide is applied to all cases of death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result†. Through this definition Durkheim distinguished suicide from accidental death. He was very much interrogative regarding the analysis of suicide in a social perspective. The essence of his analysis lies in discovering the actual correspondence, if exists, among the different socioeconomic and psychological factors that may inculcate the desire inside a person to terminate his life intentionally. According to this great sociologist there could be many factors generated from the social and economic structures that would lead to the desire to kill oneself. In his book Le Suicide, Emile Durkheim not only changed the way of understanding suicide but also he was successful in cultivating a new way of conducting sociological researches. Hence he was successful in conceptualization of a new structure of sociological research. From the very beginning of the book he started to define the pivot term under discussion and advanced towards sketching out the promotional outlines of a pedagogical explanation of suicide, which would be informed by social science. In this way he used the tables of suicide statistics. He collected

Explain why individuals should specify investment goals and understand Essay

Explain why individuals should specify investment goals and understand sources of risk and return Define basic investing terminology - Essay Example Mutual funds on the other hand are collective funds in which individual contributions are pooled together as one and invested in a financial instrument. Mutual funds are less risky since the risk is diversified between owners and different instruments. Mutual funds are invested in buying stocks, currency exchange and bonds. Bonds on the other hand, are units of debt held by an individual for claim against an invested amount. Bond is a form of lending that earns interest to the holder.The company is expected to pay interest yield upon maturity of the agreement. An annuity refers to yearly payments or receipts on an investment while dividends are shares of profits divided amongst shareholders at the end of a trading period according to the number of shares owned. Before investing, it is important to understand the goal for investment. This allows you or an investment advisor to suggest the best investment plan for your plans since different investments have different return spreads and risk. In knowing your goals, it will also allow one to know their risk appetite before investment. The main reason of understanding the source of risk is to enable one know where to invest in order to diversify their investment portfolio. It helps one avoid placing their eggs in the same basket to avoid losses. In my watch list I have listed Coca- Cola ( KO), ExxonMobil ( XOM) ,Merck ( MRK) Tupperware ( TUP), Washington Real Estate Investment Trust ( WRE),Apple Inc.(AAPL),Twenty first Century Fox(FOXA),American Airlines(AAL),Bank of America(BAC) and Google Inc.(GooG).Coca-Cola is the leading supplier of soft drinks yet to be rivalled in the world by any company which makes it a safe company to invest in for it goodwill and market share. Bank of America and Apple Inc. have entered into a partnership for the apple pay mobile service. The new product is set to boost performance of both stocks as demand for the new product increases. With the launch of the new Apple 6

White Skin, Black Mask Essay Example for Free

White Skin, Black Mask Essay Frantz Fanons astounding debut novel, Black Skin, White Masks (1952), originally titled An Essay For The Disalienation Of Blacks, defined colonialism and its effect on the black man and took him further into the region of the human mind. After taking a position at a psychiatric hospital in Algeria, he became involved in its war, eventually deserting his cranial post to become a full-time militant in the Algerian National Liberation Front, and stemming from this period he penned his infamous manifesto, The Wretched Of The Earth. A failed assassination attempt years later confirmed his potency. This complex documentary also reveals the hypocrisies and inconsistencies lurking within Fanon, the most surprising of all, when he married a white woman. Part reconstruction, part archive, Black Skin, White Masks features rare footage of the man himself and experts attest to his brilliance including Professor Stuart Hall, Francoise Verges, psychoanalyst Alice Cherki, psychiatrist Jacques Azoulay (who worked and studied with Fanon), Fanons brother Joby, Mme Felix Fanon, and his sister-in-law and niece and finally cultural critic Homi K Bhabha offers valuable insight into Fanons relevance today. Isaac Juliens absorbing ode to Frantz Fanon is a fitting tribute and in breathtaking homage and style he offers the truth, the poetry, the bitterness of history and a glowing epiphany to the man himself. Black Skin, White Masks is a provocative walk through a land filled with colour, human need and exotic diversity that leaves no stone unturned. Black Skin, White Masks was an eye opener for me. It helped me realize how African Americans were treated in the our society for many years. I now realize why the older generation of African Americans hate when the younger generation use the nigger/nigga. It could bring back memories of racism that no one wants to remember. Rage is what I felt when I read the first paragraph of the novel, but its not my place to judge a entire race for past experiences that didnt happen to me. I also realized how real life in the past was: dying for saying the wrong thing, and being judged just by the color of your skin. I glad I took the time to read Black Skin, White Masks it helped me realize a lot and gave me a better understanding of how life was during segregation.

Goodness As A Simple And Indefinable Property Philosophy Essay

Goodness As A Simple And Indefinable Property Philosophy Essay Moores Principia Ehica was the first to claim that goodness is an indefinable non-natural property belonging to a simple intuition. For Moore a property is natural if, and only if, it is detectable by the senses1. Ever since Moore, the debate of what good is has become essential to moral philosophy and meta ethics. Moore, to understand the simple notion of good, puts forth an analogy of the simple notion of yellow. The notion of yellow can only be conceived by those who already understand it, the same applies to good. Moore is contrasting the indefinable understanding of goodness to the indefinable perception of a colors qualia. Qualia is defined as the subjective quality of conscious experience2. We can mention certain properties of yellow: its specific wavelength or frequency. But we cannot mention what the nature of the property of being yellow is. This is because colour is a simple property that cannot be analyzed. To experience colour, we must appeal to our experience. Complex notions, on the other hand, can be defined by their sub-parts and the relationships between those sub-parts. The property of being a horse is an example of a complex object that can be defined because it has many different qualities3. But it can only be defined until it has been reduced to its simplest terms beyond which those simple terms cannot be defined. Since simple terms cannot be reduced any further, they cannot be clarified to anyone who does not already understand them. Yellow and good are not complex, but are simple notions. Moore, in this sense, thinks good is indefinable. Good, as a concept does not correspond to the concepts of pleasure, desire or usefulness. Given that there are things that we call pleasurable as well as good, but we can call a thing pleasurable, desirable or useful and then ask, but is it good? The fact that we are able to ask such a question of a thing with particular qualities of pleasure, desire or usefulness is evidence, for Moore, that good cannot be identical to the concepts of pleasure, desire or usefulness. This is known as the open-ended question problem. Saying that something is pleasurable does not exclude the question, yes, but is it good? The Open Question Argument Moore backs his claim that good is simple and indefinable through the famous open question argument. He argues that good cannot be defined by considering the fact that whatever definition be offered, it may be always asked, with significance, of the complex so defined, whether it is itself good 4. What he means by this argument is that, if we, for instance, equate good with doing what is pleasurable (which seems reasonable) then, Moore points out, that it can still be asked is it good to do what is pleasurable? Therefore, it remains an open question (hence the name of the argument) whether something is good, irrespective of it being pleasurable. Moore accepts that the argument does not demonstrate that pleasure is not the only test for an actions goodness, all it demonstrates is that what is pleasurable cannot be known by simply inspecting the definition of good. What is good has to be known in another way. Moore also formulates the term naturalistic fallacy. Â  Naturalistic fallacy is defined as an intent to classify some things simply being the case to the case of it being good. If something is pleasurable then, this quality alone cannot tell us anything about its being good. The Naturalistic Fallacy According to Moore, if good is simple, indefinable, cannot be analyzed and what is good? remains and open question then an attempt to define the simple notion of good as any other naturalistic notion is to commit the naturalistic fallacy5. To clarify, Moore draws the yellow analogy. Yellow can be defined as a specific wave length but these waves are not yellow. To commit the naturalistic fallacy is a common mistake when attempting to define good. While it may be entirely possible that all things that are good can also be something else, just as yellow things have certain other properties, but to equate these properties to the definition of good is incorrect. Good as an intuition Moore claims that though good is indefinable, it is part of our everyday coherent language. This is because we identify good based on our intuition. MacIntyre objects to this view by saying, how, then, do we recognise the intrinsically good? The only answer Moore offers is that we just do 6. But this would make good a complex notion since for different people good would have different analyzable content. Furthermore, this would be contrary to Moores claim of good being a simple notion. Objections Philosophers such as Mackie, MacIntyre and Nagel do not essentially agree with the naturalistic fallacy or the validity of the open question argument. Mackie, presents an objection to Moore with his argument from queerness. He argues that there is no such thing as goodness and badness. Moreover, he claims, goodness and badness have no properties or qualities that can be reduced to simpler terms since they do not exist. Goodness and badness are meant to properties of objects but they are queerly different to other properties like weight, size or fabric. Mackie concludes that goodness and badness are prescriptive moral terms and intrinsic or inherent properties of things is simply not possible.7 Moore responds by arguing that good is a simple concept of ethics. And all other ethical concepts must be derived from it. Although good cannot be defined, what is good can be defined. Thus, while we do not know the definition of good we can identify which things are good. David Hume says it best, just because something is the case does not by that fact indicate to us that it ought to be the case. Â   Conclusion In my opinion, Moores claim of good being indefinable due to it being a simple and non natural property is an extreme argument to make. If Moore is right, then it would mean that there is no objective way of defining good and that the term is relative to the human species. This fact is hard to reconcile. There would be substantial implications for the way good is discussed at a practical and theoretical level of ethics. Many do not agree with Moores arguments, especially MacIntyre who says, more unwarranted and unwarrantable assertions are perhaps made in Principia Ethica than in any other single book of moral philosophy 8. But we have to accept that Moore has been responsible for raising many issue that have become central to meta ethics today. On the other hand, maybe good is so inherent and intrinsic to the human mind that we cannot completely define it. This would not be surprising as our language is not a rational or precise tool that can be used to comprehensively define one of the most important terms used in ethical discussions today.

Adolf Hitler :: Biography

Adolf Hitler INTRODUCTION Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), German political and military leader and one of the 20th century's most powerful dictators. Hitler converted Germany into a fully militarized society and launched World War II in 1939 (see Federal Republic of Germany). He made anti-Semitism a keystone of his propaganda and policies and built the Nazi Party (see National Socialism) into a mass movement. He hoped to conquer the entire world, and for a time dominated most of Europe and much of North Africa. He instituted sterilization and euthanasia measures to enforce his idea of racial purity among German people and caused the slaughter of millions of Jews, Sinti and Roma (Gypsies), Slavic peoples, and many others, all of whom he considered inferior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  II  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EARLY YEARS Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary, in 1889, the fourth child of Klara and Alois Hitler. Hitler’s father worked his way up in the Austrian customs service to a position of considerable status, and as a result Hitler had a comfortable childhood. Hitler began school in 1900, and his grades were above average. It was decided that he would attend Realschule, a secondary school that prepared students for further study and emphasized modern languages and technical subjects. However, Hitler and his father strongly differed about career plans. His father wanted him to enter the civil service; Hitler insisted on becoming an artist. As a result, Hitler did poorly in Realschule, having to repeat the first year and improving little thereafter. During this time, Hitler began to form his political views: a strong sense of German nationalism, the beginnings of anti-Semitism, and a distaste for the ruling family and political structure of Austria-Hungary. Like many German-speaking citizens of Austria-Hungary, Hitler considered himself first and foremost a German. The death of Hitler’s father in January 1903 changed the family. The survivors' income was adequate to support Hitler, his mother, and his sister, but the absence of a dominant father figure altered Hitler's position in the family. He spent much time playing and dreaming, did poorly in his studies, and left school entirely in 1905 after the equivalent of the ninth grade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time in Vienna Hitler had hoped to become an artist but was rejected as unqualified by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts in October 1907. His mother died in 1908, and Hitler pretended to continue his studies in Vienna in order to receive an orphan’s pension. Adolf Hitler :: Biography Adolf Hitler INTRODUCTION Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), German political and military leader and one of the 20th century's most powerful dictators. Hitler converted Germany into a fully militarized society and launched World War II in 1939 (see Federal Republic of Germany). He made anti-Semitism a keystone of his propaganda and policies and built the Nazi Party (see National Socialism) into a mass movement. He hoped to conquer the entire world, and for a time dominated most of Europe and much of North Africa. He instituted sterilization and euthanasia measures to enforce his idea of racial purity among German people and caused the slaughter of millions of Jews, Sinti and Roma (Gypsies), Slavic peoples, and many others, all of whom he considered inferior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  II  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EARLY YEARS Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary, in 1889, the fourth child of Klara and Alois Hitler. Hitler’s father worked his way up in the Austrian customs service to a position of considerable status, and as a result Hitler had a comfortable childhood. Hitler began school in 1900, and his grades were above average. It was decided that he would attend Realschule, a secondary school that prepared students for further study and emphasized modern languages and technical subjects. However, Hitler and his father strongly differed about career plans. His father wanted him to enter the civil service; Hitler insisted on becoming an artist. As a result, Hitler did poorly in Realschule, having to repeat the first year and improving little thereafter. During this time, Hitler began to form his political views: a strong sense of German nationalism, the beginnings of anti-Semitism, and a distaste for the ruling family and political structure of Austria-Hungary. Like many German-speaking citizens of Austria-Hungary, Hitler considered himself first and foremost a German. The death of Hitler’s father in January 1903 changed the family. The survivors' income was adequate to support Hitler, his mother, and his sister, but the absence of a dominant father figure altered Hitler's position in the family. He spent much time playing and dreaming, did poorly in his studies, and left school entirely in 1905 after the equivalent of the ninth grade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time in Vienna Hitler had hoped to become an artist but was rejected as unqualified by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts in October 1907. His mother died in 1908, and Hitler pretended to continue his studies in Vienna in order to receive an orphan’s pension.